Oct. 18, 2023
Outgroups, "Othering" and a healing meditation
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At a time when the world feels more divided than ever, Cass shares the psychology of 'othering' and the biases that cause humans to turn on each other. She invites you to practice one of her favourite meditations known to increase compassion, reduce bias towards others, lower stress and promote healing.(Meditation starts around 17:05)
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Transcript
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This is Crappy to Happy and I am your host,
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Cas Dunn. I'm a clinical and coaching psychologist. I'm mindfulness
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meditation teacher, and of course, author of the Crappy to
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Happy books. In this show, I bring you conversations with interesting, inspiring,
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intelligent people who are experts in their field and who
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have something of value to share that will help you
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feel less crappy and more happy. Welcome to another solo
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episode of Crappy to Happy. This week, I've got something
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a little different for you this week. I would like
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to teach you one of my favorite meditation practices. But
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before I do that, let me tell you why I
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have been inspired to share this with you this week,
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and then I will tell you a little about why
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this particular practice is very very good for you. So
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that if you've already decided you're going to skip this
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episode because you're not a meditator, you're not into this,
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then let me tell you all of the reasons why
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this one is one well worth trying. All of the
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benefits to you emotionally, psychologically, even physically that might compel
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you to give it a go. So I don't think
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I am the only one who feels like everything feels
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a little bit dark. Lately. There has been a lot
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of bad news. There's been a lot of tension in Australia. Obviously,
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there has been the Voice referendum. The result of that
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maybe went your way, maybe it did not. I know
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for many people it did not, and that was devastating
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for a lot of people. But even regardless of the result,
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what it appeared to do, and I'm a long way
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away from Australia at the moment, but from what I heard,
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it was a really really divisive, really kind of awful
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time in Australia. A lot of the commentary, the conversation,
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the ad campaigns that were running, really, as these things
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tend to do, just brought out the worst in people
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and really did the job of dividing people well and
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truly really polarizing people and having people do the thing
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they do, which is to kind of firmly dig their
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heels into one camp and to make kind of fairly
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broad sweeping generalizations about the other, which is exactly the
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topic that I want to talk to you about today.
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At a far far more horrifying, devastating level, there is
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the Israel Palestine situation, and I don't want to go
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into the details of any of these actual conflicts. I
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don't think we need to hear more of that. It's
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everywhere we turn. But what I do want to point
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out this week, I guess and the reason why I
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want to share with you this particular meditation is because
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what we're seeing here in action is this concept of
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in psychology what we call other ring, so other ring
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as in other ing, make it a verb. It's essentially
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like the in group out group effect in psychology, where
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we consider ourselves to be a part of one group,
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the good group, the right group, and we take another
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group and we consider them to be the other. It
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is this very clear delineation. It is them versus us.
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When we talk about other ring, we're taking another group.
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It could be a different racial group, religious group, different nationality,
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could be a different bloody football team. We take this
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other group and we attribute to them a whole lot
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of negative characteristics and qualities. We consider ourselves to be
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on the right side. These are the wrong side. There's
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often a lot of fear involved. I saw a bit
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of this during the Voice referendum, where I saw some
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of the NO commentators and I'm not saying this was
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you if you're a no voter. But I saw people saying,
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we're going to have to pay the rent. They step
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they want to take our land. This is just the
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first step before they take away all of these things
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that we rightly deserve. Basically, they're getting more than what
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they deserve, and I fear that they're going to take
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something from me. That kind of idea we see the
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same with refugees and asylum seekers. They're coming, They're going
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to take the jobs that don't belong here, legals, illegals,
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this kind of terminology. When we go down this path
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of othering a group of people, we essentially dehumanize them.
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We don't consider them to be individual humans with thoughts
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and feelings and complexities. They just belong to this group
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of people we consider to be a threat. They are
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against us. And this happens at all levels and in
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all sorts of different ways, and we all, then, all
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of us, then have these biases that come into play,
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these implicit biases, these unconscious biases that lead to us
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having particular perceptions and judgments of people who belong to
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this other group. We cast them all in the same
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kind of like they're all tired with the same brush.
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I've also seen if you are a no voter, they
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will tell you that all the Yes voters are inner
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city lefties, woke lefties, all the privileged elite. And then
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the No voters they get called racist or bigoted, or uninformed, uneducated,
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all sorts, all sorts, like both sides. Both sides do this.
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What we do in truth in psychology is we consider
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within our own group, in our in group, that there
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is a wide range of variability. We're all different, We've
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all got different thoughts and feelings and opinions, and education
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levels and socioeconomic status and all sorts of things. Whereas
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we consider the other group to be all the same.
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We just put them all in the one basket. We
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could judge them all exactly the same. Now, if you
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think that's not you, I guarantee you. We all do this.
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It's one of the ways that our brain just makes shortcuts.
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It takes all of the complex thinking out of it,
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and it just divides people and it just categorizes and
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labels and we don't have to think about that again.
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This in group outgroup effect has been studied since the
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nineteen sixties. It's very real like I said, we are
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all susceptible to this, and I think this is the
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important thing, right We all need to be aware of
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our own biases. When I did that episode a few
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weeks ago about Russell Brand, I used Russell Brand as
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the example, but it was about conspiracy theories. It was
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about cognitive bias, confirmation bias. Why do we believe the
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things that we do? And this is the same kind
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of thing. We have to raise our own level of
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self awareness of our own biases. We are all guilty
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of this. So back in the sixties that one of
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the classic studies was that they took a whole group
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of school kids schoolboys on school camp who were all
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playing happily together, and they broke them up into groups,
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and then they kept those groups separately for I don't know,
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a week or so, and then they brought all the
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groups back together, and during that week they only socialized
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with their own group. When they all came back together,
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there was this hostility between groups. There had no reason
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to be hostile towards one another, They're all just little
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boys on school camp. But in the intergroup dynamics, the
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favoritism of their own group compared to other groups. It's
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this bonding that happens when you perceive that you are
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with your own group. I guess on the positive side,
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there's this kind of bonding and belonging connection that happens.
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But what it does lead to is this other ring,
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this out group bias, where we don't treat other people
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with the same kind of consideration and thoughtfulness and kindness,
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and we don't give them the benefit of the doubt.
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And there are very real biases in how we think
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about them, the judgments, the qualities, the motivations that we
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attribute to them, whether those people we consider to be
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in our group or out of our group. And I
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want to give you a couple of examples just to
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demonstrate this, and then I'm going to tell you about
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the meditation, and you'll understand why I hope that I
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have chosen to focus on this this week now. In
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recent history, I don't need to give you examples. You
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know what the examples are, whether you were supportive or
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not supportive of vaccinations or lockdowns, whether you were a
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Trump supporter or not. You know your position about asylum seekers,
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or whether stopping the votes was a really good thing
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or not. Just so many really highly emotive issues that
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have played out this last few years. And I'm sure
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that it's not only recent history. I'm sure this has
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been going on forever. These are just the ones that
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I can think of. I mean, we don't often have
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a global pandemic, and that kind of situation is bound
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to have people coming down with strong opinions on either
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side of whatever decisions need to be made to get
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through a situation like that. But this in group outgroup bias.
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For example, they've even done fMRI studies that show that
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people's brain activity is different depending on where they are
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hearing a statement by somebody that they's in their in
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group or in their outgroup. So, for example, during the
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two thousand and four US presidential election, they took Democrat
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voters and Republican voters and they read to them a
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statement something like this politician was going to lower taxes,
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and they told them that that statement was made by
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either their particular candidate or the opposing candidate. But then
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what they did was they showed them some more evidence
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or a statement that indicated that that had not happened,
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that taxes had not been lowered again. So what was
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their response based on whether this was their own candidate
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going back on their promise or the other candidate, and
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then they gave like a mitigating kind of a statement.
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They basically came up with a reason. So, for example,
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they said, oh, well, what happened was that it turned
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out that there was not enough room in the budget
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to lower taxes as they had wanted to, And how
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did they respond to that? And again this was brain
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studies and activity in the brain and different aspects of
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the brain that activated during particular cognitive processes. And what
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those images demonstrated was that these people had were more
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likely to be forgiving of the political candidate who went
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back on their promise. They're more likely to find that acceptable,
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and they were much more likely to accept their excuse
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about why that had happened than if it was the
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opposing candidate exactly the same statement, exactly the same situation,
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exactly the same reason, much more accepting and supportive of
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their own candidate than the other. This is bias. Another
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one is when they get like two groups of football
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fans watching a game. One team makes i don't know,
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seventy five errors, the other team makes twenty five errors,
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But then they ask them afterwards how many errors did
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each team make And again they will say there were
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many more errors made by the opposing team than by
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their own team. They honestly, the researchers who do these
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studies say it is as if these people are watching
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a different game. Their feedback, what they report about what
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they see on the field is completely different depending on
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which team they're supporting. This is our natural human tendency.
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We all do this, so none of us is exempt
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from this right. So I'm just highlighting that we all
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have this default. I guess if you're a person who
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is interested, if you are a person who has an
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opinion about any of these things, if you are watching
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events in the world, and if you're getting annoyed and
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frustrated and angry and irritated and disappointed about the things
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that are going on in the world, and if you
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feel angry about groups of people behaving in ways that
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you don't understand and you cannot get through to them,
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and they seem to be clueless, lacking in compassion or
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intelligence or rationality or reasonableness. This drives wedges between people,
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and it also increases our own stress level and our
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own anxiety. It affects our mood, It affects our physical health.
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If we're around this kind of stress, it impacts the
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ability we have to actually connect and relate to people.
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We pick up one little fact about a person and
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we immediately pigeonhole that person and we don't want to
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be connected with them anymore. We don't want to know
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any more about them because we've already decided exactly the
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kind of person they are based on one little fact,
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and that's what happens. I would say though, that while
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this in group out group bias has been proven, I
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mean they've proven that even just arbitrarily assigning you to
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a group, your group are your group, be immediately you
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will favor the people in your group over the people
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in the other group. They've proven this time and time again.
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You will make more allowances, you attribute more positive qualities,
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you attribute more positive intentions to the people in your
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own group versus people in another group. But it is
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heavily fueled by politicians and the media, and I think
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that that was probably very clear, particularly in Australia with
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the Voice referendum. I think I wasn't there for it,
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but from what I have heard, a lot of the media,
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you know, reporting a lot of the campaigning was really
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designed to fuel this division, and so we might. We
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naturally have fears, we naturally have anxieties, we naturally feel
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uncertain about what we don't know about. I talked about
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this when I talked about conspiracy theories. We seek to
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have knowledge, we seek to have control, We seek to
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have certainty where we lack certainty, and if those things
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aren't present, then we are more likely to go down
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this path of other ring, kind of huddling with our tribe.
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